Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) degenerate in diseases like glaucoma and are not replaced
in adult mammals. Here we investigate whether transplanted RGCs can integrate into the …

Retinal degenerative diseases, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration, affect
millions of people worldwide and ultimately lead to retinal cell death and blindness. Cell …

Innexins are bifunctional membrane proteins in invertebrates, forming gap junctions as well
as non-junctional membrane channels (innexons). Their vertebrate analogues, the …

Injury to the central nervous system triggers glial calcium waves in both vertebrates and
invertebrates. In vertebrates the pannexin1 ATP-release channel appears to provide for calcium …

Three types of sensory neurones and two kinds of motor neurones in the segmental ganglion
of the leech were examined with the light and electron microscope after intracellular …

Microglia migrate rapidly to lesions in the central nervous system (CNS), presumably in
response to chemoattractants including ATP released directly or indirectly by the injury. Previous …

What pathways specify retinal ganglion cell (RGC) fate in the developing retina? Here we
report on mechanisms by which a molecular pathway involving Sox4/Sox11 is required for …

Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are attracted to sites of injury. The
injury releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the extracellular space, activating the …

In studies of the cellular basis of learning, much attention has focused on plasticity in
synaptic transmission in terms of transmitter release and the number or responsiveness of …

Regeneration of an electrical synapse between particular interneurons in the medical leech
was traced physiologically and morphologically using intracellular recording and …